Population
GDP (per capital)
Visa-Free Countries
GDP (purchasing power parity)
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Spain
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As of April 3, 2025, Spain has officially ended its Golden Visa Program, which had previously allowed non-EU citizens to gain residency through substantial investments, including real estate and business contributions. Initially introduced in 2013, the program aimed to attract foreign capital and stimulate the country’s economy. With the termination of the real estate investment option, which required a minimum of €500,000, Spain is now focusing on alternative residency pathways. These include the Non-Lucrative Visa, for individuals who can prove financial independence, and the Digital Nomad Visa, tailored for remote workers. While the Golden Visa program has concluded, those seeking residency in Spain will need to explore other opportunities as the country adapts its immigration policies to meet evolving economic and housing demands.
- Main Industries
- Tourism
- Automobile Manufacturing
- Agriculture and Food Processing
- Renewable Energy
- Textiles and Apparel
- Construction and Real Estate
CET (UTC+1)
505,990 km2
Euro €
Madrid
Spanish
Catalan, Galician, Basque, Occitan
Digital Nomad Visa Benefits
Digital Nomad Visa Benefits
Spain’s Digital Nomad Visa is one of the newest and most attractive residency options introduced to attract remote workers, freelancers, and entrepreneurs who are employed by non-Spanish companies. In 2025, the program has evolved to provide even more flexibility and tax advantages, making it a strong contender for those looking for long-term residency in a vibrant European country. Some of the primary benefits include:
Residency for Remote Workers
This visa offers a unique opportunity for remote employees, self-employed professionals, and digital entrepreneurs to reside in Spain while continuing to work for foreign companies. The visa is valid for up to four years, giving individuals the chance to build a life in Spain without the need to abandon their international careers. This is ideal for those in the technology, marketing, and creative industries, where work is typically done remotely.
Family Inclusion
One of the key advantages of the Digital Nomad Visa is that it allows investors to bring their immediate family members. This includes a spouse, unmarried partner, dependent children, and even dependent parents or siblings. This family-friendly benefit ensures that remote workers can enjoy the Spanish lifestyle while staying connected with their loved ones.
Attractive Tax Regime
Under Spain’s Startup Law, which has been adapted for digital nomads, applicants are offered a favorable tax rate of 24% on income up to €600,000 during the first four years of residency. This is significantly lower than Spain's standard tax rates, making it a very appealing option for those with a higher income. Additionally, this reduced rate ensures that individuals can enjoy the benefits of Spain’s infrastructure, healthcare, and lifestyle while minimizing their tax obligations.
Financial Requirements
To qualify for the Digital Nomad Visa, applicants must demonstrate that they have a sufficient income to support themselves while living in Spain. The financial requirement is set at a minimum of €2,762 per month, which can be increased depending on the number of dependents. This ensures that applicants will not be a financial burden on the country and will contribute positively to the local economy.
Simplified Application Process
The application process for the Digital Nomad Visa is relatively straightforward compared to other long-term visa options. Spain has introduced an online application platform, which allows applicants to submit necessary documentation and track the progress of their applications digitally. This streamlined process makes it easier for remote workers to transition to life in Spain without unnecessary delays or complications.
Non-Lucrative Visa Benefits
Non-Lucrative Visa Benefits
The Non-Lucrative Visa is designed for individuals who wish to reside in Spain without engaging in any employment or business activities. It is ideal for retirees, investors, or individuals who can prove that they have sufficient financial means to support themselves without needing to work. This visa provides several key benefits, making it an attractive option for those looking to live in Spain long-term:
Long-Term Residency
Initially granted for one year, the Non-Lucrative Visa can be renewed twice for two-year periods. After five years of continuous residency, applicants are eligible to apply for permanent residency. This gradual path to permanent residency makes it an appealing option for those looking to settle in Spain without the pressure of work-related visa requirements.
Family Inclusion
Similar to the Digital Nomad Visa, the Non-Lucrative Visa allows the applicant to bring their spouse, unmarried partner, and dependent children under the age of 18. In some cases, dependent parents or siblings can also be included in the application, which makes this visa an excellent choice for families seeking to relocate together.
Healthcare Access
Non-Lucrative Visa holders have the right to access Spain’s public healthcare system after they register with the country’s Social Security. Spain offers high-quality healthcare services, and this benefit can significantly reduce the cost of healthcare, especially for families or individuals with ongoing medical needs.
Access to the Schengen Area
One of the most appealing aspects of the Non-Lucrative Visa is the ability to travel freely across the Schengen Area. Spain is part of this region, which includes 26 European countries. Visa holders are not restricted to Spain alone; they can move between these countries without the need for additional visas, making it an excellent option for those who enjoy European travel.
Pathway to Employment
While the Non-Lucrative Visa restricts the applicant from working during the first year of residency, there is the possibility to transition to a work visa after one year. If the applicant wishes to engage in employment or business activities in Spain, they can apply for a work permit, provided they meet the necessary requirements. This flexibility is particularly useful for those who may want to explore new professional opportunities during their stay.
Digital Nomad Visa – Eligibility Criteria
Spain’s Digital Nomad Visa is designed for non-EU nationals who wish to reside in Spain while working remotely for foreign companies. To qualify, applicants must meet the following requirements:
Employment Status:
Applicants must be employed by a company registered outside of Spain or be self-employed with clients based abroad. If self-employed, the applicant should not perform more than 20% of their work for Spanish entities.
Income Threshold:
A minimum monthly income of €2,762.66 is required. This amount is calculated based on Spain’s Minimum Inter-professional Salary (SMI) and is subject to annual adjustments.
Educational or Professional Experience:
Applicants must possess an undergraduate or postgraduate degree from a recognized institution or have at least three years of professional experience in their current field.
Family Inclusion:
The visa allows for the inclusion of a spouse, unmarried partner, dependent children, and in some cases, dependent parents or siblings.
Health Insurance:
Applicants must have comprehensive health insurance coverage valid in Spain, either through a private provider or Spain’s public health system.
Application Process:
Applications can be submitted at Spanish consulates abroad or, for those already in Spain, through local immigration offices.
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Non-Lucrative Visa – Eligibility Criteria
- The Non-Lucrative Visa is intended for non-EU nationals who wish to reside in Spain without engaging in any work or professional activities. To be eligible, applicants must fulfill the following criteria:
- Financial Means: Applicants must demonstrate sufficient financial resources to support themselves and their dependents during their stay in Spain. The minimum required amount is equivalent to 400% of Spain's Public Multiple Effects Income Indicator (IPREM), which in 2025 is set at €28,800 per year for the primary applicant. For each dependent family member, an additional 100% of the IPREM is required, approximately €7,200 per year.
- Health Insurance: Applicants must provide proof of health insurance coverage that is valid in Spain, with no co-payments or deductibles, and issued by an insurance company authorized to operate in Spain.
- Non-Employment Declaration: Applicants must sign an affidavit stating that they will not engage in any professional or employment activities in Spain during their stay.
- Residency Intent: Applicants must intend to reside in Spain for at least 183 days per year to maintain their residency status.
- Application Process: Applications must be submitted from the applicant's home country at the Spanish consulate. Upon approval, applicants must enter Spain within 90 days to validate their visa and apply for a Foreigner Identification Card (TIE).
- Both visa options offer unique opportunities for individuals seeking to reside in Spain. The Digital Nomad Visa caters to remote workers looking for a flexible and tax-advantaged lifestyle, while the Non-Lucrative Visa suits those desiring a peaceful residency without employment obligations. Prospective applicants should assess their personal circumstances and consult with immigration professionals to determine the most suitable option.
Investment options
Investment options
As of 2025, Spain has restructured its immigration options following the cessation of the Golden Visa Program, which previously allowed investors to gain residency by making significant real estate or business investments. While real estate investment is no longer an eligible route for residency, Spain still provides opportunities through other types of investment. Below is an overview of the current investment avenues available for those interested in obtaining residency:
Investment in Spanish Startups
Spain encourages investment in startups and innovative businesses as a way for non-EU nationals to contribute to the country’s economic development. Under Spain’s Entrepreneur Visa (which has replaced the Golden Visa for entrepreneurial endeavors), investors can gain residency by creating or investing in a company that demonstrates significant economic value.
- Minimum Investment: The required amount for this route typically starts at €1 million.
- Benefits: In addition to the possibility of gaining residency, investors may enjoy the opportunity to participate in Spain’s rapidly growing technology and innovation sectors. This can be especially beneficial for entrepreneurs or individuals with a background in industries such as artificial intelligence, green technology, or biotechnology.
- Qualifications: Investors must present a detailed business plan that highlights how their investment will contribute to the Spanish economy, including job creation and innovation.
Capital Investment in Spanish Companies
For investors interested in making a significant capital contribution to existing Spanish businesses, Spain offers opportunities through its Investor Visa program. This route allows individuals to make large-scale investments in companies or projects, contributing to economic growth and development.
- Minimum Investment: While specific amounts may vary depending on the business, the general guideline is an investment of €2 million or more in Spanish businesses.
- Qualifications: Investors are required to prove that the business in which they invest is operating legally and contributes to Spain’s economy in a meaningful way.
- Benefits: This investment not only allows the investor to gain residency but also positions them as an integral part of the Spanish economy, with potential benefits such as profit-sharing and increased business opportunities.
Government Bonds Investment
In place of the real estate investment option, Spain offers an alternative investment through the purchase of Spanish government bonds. This investment allows individuals to indirectly contribute to the country’s infrastructure and public services.
- Minimum Investment: The required amount for government bonds investment is typically €2 million.
- Benefits: Investors can enjoy a stable, low-risk investment that yields returns over time while also offering the advantage of gaining residency status in Spain. This option is particularly appealing for those who seek a more passive investment route that does not require active involvement in business operations.
Non-Lucrative Visa with Financial Investment
While not technically an investment visa, the Non-Lucrative Visa also requires applicants to demonstrate that they have sufficient financial means to support themselves and any dependents. This route, ideal for retirees or individuals looking for residency without working in Spain, necessitates that applicants prove they have a stable source of income.
- Minimum Financial Requirement: The applicant must show that they possess at least €28,800 annually (equivalent to 400% of Spain’s Public Multiple Effects Income Indicator), with additional funds required for each dependent.
- Benefits: While this visa does not involve traditional investment, it serves as a way to invest in one’s own lifestyle and future within Spain. Applicants are not required to engage in any professional activities, offering a relatively relaxed residency option for those who have significant financial means.
Special Economic Contributions
Lastly, Spain has introduced special economic contribution pathways for individuals wishing to contribute to specific sectors, such as real estate development (excluding direct investment in property purchases) or research and development (R&D).
- Investment Type: These contributions are often project-based and may involve collaboration with Spanish businesses, universities, or government entities to fund development in areas like sustainable energy or technological advancement.
- Benefits: Investors gain residency by aligning their capital with Spain’s development goals, often receiving tax incentives or subsidies in return for their commitment to these sectors.
In summary, while the Golden Visa and its real estate investment route have ended in 2025, Spain continues to offer a variety of investment options for those seeking residency. From contributing to innovative startups and Spanish businesses to investing in government bonds or special projects, investors still have ample opportunity to create lasting ties with the country. However, the specific qualifications for each type of investment vary, so it is crucial to consult with immigration and investment professionals to ensure compliance with the latest regulations and requirements.
Fees
Fees
As of 2025, the fees associated with Spain’s residency and citizenship-by-investment programs are relatively straightforward, though they can vary depending on the specific route chosen by the applicant. Understanding these fees is crucial for anyone considering Spain as a destination for investment and residency, as the total costs will depend on several factors, including the type of visa, the number of dependents, and any additional administrative charges. Below is a breakdown of the primary fees for Spain’s immigration programs:
Visa Application Fees
- Digital Nomad Visa: The application fee for the Digital Nomad Visa typically ranges between €60 and €150, depending on the applicant’s nationality and the processing center. This fee is paid when submitting the application either through a Spanish consulate or, for those already in Spain, through local immigration offices.
- Non-Lucrative Visa: For the Non-Lucrative Visa, the application fee is generally €100 to €200. This fee is paid at the time of submission and varies based on the applicant's home country and the specific consulate handling the case.
Residency and Foreigner Identification Fees
After the initial visa application is approved, applicants will need to apply for a Foreigner’s Identification Number (NIE) and Foreigner’s Identity Card (TIE) to officially reside in Spain. These documents are essential for both residents and those engaged in any legal or financial activities within the country.
- NIE/TIE Application Fee: The fee for obtaining the TIE is approximately €15 to €20. This is a one-time payment that is required once the applicant arrives in Spain.
Work and Residence Permit Fees
For those wishing to transition from a non-lucrative or digital nomad visa to a work permit, there will be additional costs. Spain requires applicants to pay administrative fees for the processing of work permits, especially if they move into business or employment activities after the first year of residence.
- Work Permit Fees: The cost for work permits generally ranges between €200 and €500, depending on the complexity and type of permit being applied for (e.g., for self-employed individuals or for those joining an existing Spanish company).
Family Member Fees
If you are bringing family members under your residency application, additional fees will apply. These fees vary according to the number of dependents and their relationship to the primary applicant.
- Dependent Fees: Each dependent included in the application generally requires an additional fee of €50 to €100 per person. This applies to spouses, children, and sometimes dependent parents. The total cost will depend on the number of family members involved and the specific visa application.
Legal and Advisory Fees
While not mandatory, many applicants choose to hire legal or immigration experts to assist with their visa applications. These professionals help ensure that all documents are correctly completed, submitted, and that the applicant’s case adheres to Spanish immigration law.
- Legal and Immigration Consultancy Fees: The cost for professional legal assistance can range from €500 to €2,000 depending on the complexity of the application and the services provided. This fee typically includes document preparation, submission assistance, and guidance through the entire process.
Investment Costs
While not a direct fee paid to the government, the investment amount required for obtaining residency or citizenship is a significant financial commitment. For 2025, the minimum investments are as follows:
- Digital Nomad Visa: There is no direct investment required, but applicants must meet the income threshold of €2,762 per month.
- Non-Lucrative Visa: The required financial means to show is €28,800 per year for the primary applicant, with additional funds required for each dependent.
For those looking at alternative investment options such as business investments, bonds, or government-backed programs, the minimum required investments are:
- Investment in Startups/Businesses: Typically starting at €1 million.
- Government Bonds: A minimum investment of €2 million is required.
Renewal and Extension Fees
For individuals holding a visa that is valid for a limited period (such as the Non-Lucrative Visa or Digital Nomad Visa), renewal fees apply when extending residency after the initial period.
- Visa Renewal Fees: The renewal cost typically ranges between €100 and €200 per application, depending on the specific visa type and the applicant’s nationality.
Citizenship Application Fees
If you are aiming for Spanish citizenship through residency, after holding your visa for a specified period (usually 10 years), you will need to submit a citizenship application.
- Citizenship Application Fees: The fee for the Spanish citizenship application is approximately €100 to €200.
FAQ about Spain Citizenship
1. What is the current status of Spain's Golden Visa program?
As of April 2025, Spain has ended its Golden Visa program, which previously allowed individuals to gain residency by making significant investments in real estate. However, other investment options such as capital investments in startups, Spanish businesses, and government bonds remain available for individuals seeking residency.
2. What are the main requirements for Spain's residency programs?
To qualify for residency under Spain’s investment programs, applicants must meet various criteria depending on the type of investment:
- Digital Nomad Visa: Applicants must have a valid remote job, earning a minimum monthly income of €2,762.66, and must have health insurance coverage in Spain.
- Investor Visa (Capital Investment): Minimum investments of €2 million in Spanish businesses or €2 million in government bonds are required.
Startup Visa: Entrepreneurs wishing to invest in or start innovative businesses in Spain may need to demonstrate a viable business plan and contribute to Spain’s economy.
3. Is there a minimum investment requirement for obtaining Spanish residency?
Yes, there are several investment routes available, and each has a different financial requirement:
- Capital Investment in Business: A minimum of €2 million is needed.
- Investment in Startups: The starting point for investment is €1 million.
Government Bonds: The minimum required is €2 million.
4. Can family members be included in the application for Spain’s investment programs?
Yes, under Spain’s investment visa programs, you can include family members such as your spouse, children, and in some cases, dependent parents or siblings. Each dependent will need to meet specific requirements, including providing evidence of financial support.
5. How long does it take to obtain residency under the investment program?
The processing time for Spain’s investment-based residency applications can vary but typically takes 2 to 6 months. The length of time depends on factors such as the type of investment, the complexity of the application, and the specific consulate or immigration office processing the case.
6. Can I work in Spain if I choose the Non-Lucrative Visa or Digital Nomad Visa?
- Non-Lucrative Visa: This visa does not permit the holder to engage in any work or business activities in Spain. It is intended for individuals who wish to live in Spain without taking up employment.
- Digital Nomad Visa: Holders can work remotely for companies based outside Spain, but cannot take up employment with a Spanish employer.
7. What is the process to apply for Spanish citizenship after obtaining residency?
To apply for Spanish citizenship by naturalization, applicants must meet the following criteria:
- Hold legal residency for at least 10 years (certain exceptions apply for citizens of specific countries, such as Latin American countries, where the duration may be reduced).
- Demonstrate proficiency in the Spanish language and an understanding of Spanish culture and society (usually through a citizenship test).
Applicants should also maintain good standing with Spanish authorities and meet financial stability requirements.
8. Are there any tax benefits or exemptions for investors under Spain’s visa programs?
While Spain has competitive tax rates for residents, those holding investment visas or residency may also benefit from Spain’s Beckham Law, which allows certain foreign workers to be taxed at a flat rate on income generated from Spanish sources. This can be beneficial for investors and entrepreneurs, as they may be able to reduce their tax liability in Spain, particularly during the early years of residency.
9. Are there restrictions on dual citizenship for Spain?
Spain typically does not allow dual citizenship, except for nationals of Ibero-American countries and specific other circumstances. However, Spain does allow multiple residencies and permits investors to retain citizenship from their home country while residing in Spain.
10. What happens if I don’t meet the visa requirements or fail to renew my residency?
Failure to meet visa requirements or renewing your residency could result in visa revocation or non-renewal. This may lead to the applicant losing their right to reside in Spain. It is essential to comply with all residency obligations and ensure that you meet the financial and legal criteria for maintaining your residency status.
11. Can I sell my investment property or change my investment strategy after obtaining residency?
If you were granted residency through an investment that involved property, such as the previous Golden Visa (now closed), you could sell the property, but your residency status could be impacted depending on the rules in effect at the time. For those opting for business investments or government bonds, the requirement is to maintain the investment for a minimum period, often 5 years.
12. Is it possible to obtain permanent residency or citizenship in a shorter time frame?
While the standard time frame for citizenship is 10 years of legal residency, investors and certain individuals from specific countries may be eligible for expedited naturalization under special circumstances, such as having strong ties to Spain or economic contributions that significantly impact the country.
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